The Impact of Text Color and Background on Reading: Embracing Evidence-Based Practices for Optimal Readability

The debate over whether black text on a white background (BW) or white text on a black background (WB) is more readable has long been a topic of discussion among designers, researchers, and everyday readers. While individual preferences play a role in this choice, a growing body of research has shed light on the factors that influence readability and the potential benefits of dark mode for reading.

Recent Studies Illuminate the Advantages of Dark Mode

In recent years, several studies have explored the impact of dark mode on reading performance and eye comfort. Two particularly noteworthy studies, published in 2020 and 2017, provide valuable insights:

• “Effects of Dark Mode on Visual Fatigue and Acuity in Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays” (ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 2020): This study investigated the effects of dark mode and light mode on visual acuity and fatigue in head-mounted displays (HMDs). The researchers found that dark mode significantly improved visual acuity and reduced visual fatigue compared to light mode.
• “Reading from electronic devices versus hardcopy text,” (Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation in 2013): This study compared reading from electronic devices to reading hardcopy text and found that reading from electronic devices led to significantly higher levels of eye fatigue. However, when participants used dark mode, eye fatigue decreased to levels similar to those experienced when reading hardcopy text.

These studies suggest that dark mode can indeed offer several advantages for reading, particularly in electronic devices and HMDs:

• Enhanced Visual Comfort and Reduced Eye Strain: Dark mode can effectively reduce eye strain and fatigue, especially in low-light environments or during extended reading sessions on electronic devices. This is because dark mode reduces the amount of light emitted from the screen, which can otherwise strain the eyes and lead to discomfort.
• Improved Reading Performance: Dark mode may also contribute to improved reading performance, particularly for tasks that require sustained attention and concentration. This is likely due to the reduced glare and improved contrast between the text and background, which can make it easier to focus on the material.
• More Comfortable Reading Experience for Specific Conditions: Dark mode can be particularly beneficial for individuals with light sensitivity or astigmatism, as it can reduce glare and improve overall eye comfort.

Tailoring Text Color and Background for Optimal Readability

While dark mode offers compelling benefits, it’s important to note that the optimal text color and background combination may vary depending on individual preferences, lighting conditions, and the specific reading task. Here are some general recommendations for selecting text color and background:

• For Electronic Devices: Consider using dark mode as the default setting for electronic devices to reduce eye strain and promote a more comfortable reading experience.
• For Extended Reading Sessions: Experiment with both BW and WB combinations to determine which one suits your preferences and reduces eye fatigue.
• In Low-Light Environments: Dark mode is generally recommended in dimly lit environments to minimize eye strain and improve visibility.
• For Tasks Requiring Intense Focus: Dark mode may be particularly beneficial for tasks that demand sustained attention and concentration, as it can enhance focus and reduce fatigue.
• Individualized Preferences: Ultimately, the choice of text color and background should align with personal preferences and comfort levels.
• Adjust Brightness and Contrast: Always adjust the brightness and contrast settings of your device to ensure optimal viewing conditions.
• Take Regular Breaks: Regular breaks from reading are essential to prevent eye fatigue and maintain focus.

Remember, the key to optimal readability lies in understanding your own needs and preferences and experimenting with different text color and background combinations to find what works best for you. By considering the research and personalizing your reading experience, you can enhance comfort, improve focus, and maximize your reading efficiency.